Chemical Process

Physical Chemistry deals with the structure of matter and the energy changes that occur during physical and chemical changes of matter. This field provides a theoretical basis for the chemical observations of the other subdivision of other subdivisions. Analytical chemistry is concerned with the identification of chemical substances, the determination of the amounts of substances present in a mixture, and the separation of mixture onto their individual components. Special subdivisions of chemistry are now recognized the account for knowledge at the interface of chemistry and other physical sciences. For example, recent research has involved the chemical origin of life, reactions between simple molecules at low pressures to form such complex organic molecules as proteins found in living organisms. Astrochemistry is the interdisciplinary physical science that studies the origin and interaction of the chemical constituents, especially interstellar matter, in the universe, Geochemistr

Chemistry is the physical science that deals with composition, structure and properties of substance and also the transformation that these substance that undergoes. Because the study of chemistry encompasses the entire material universe, it is central to the understanding of other science. Basic chemistry involve in all aspect on live, the incident in around you actually is the basic chemistry process such as the changes of compost from fresh there is any chemical reaction involved there even the process itself is help by microorganism. A basic chemistry theory has been formulated as the result of centuries of observation and measurement of the various elements and compounds. According to this theory, matter is composed of minute particles called atoms. The more than 100 different kinds of atoms that are known are called chemical elements. Atoms of the same elements or of different elements can combine together to form molecules and compounds. The atom are held together by forces,

Sulfur or sulphur is a naturally occurring, yellow, water insoluble solid element. Its chemical symbol is S , its atomic number is 16 and its atomic weight is 32.064 sulfur is nonmetal and a member of the oxygen family of elements, which constitutes Group VIA of the periodic table. The discovery of sulfur predates recorded history, and the element has been used since ancient times. The early medical books of Dioscorides of Greece and Pliny the Elder mention sulfur, and fumes from burning sulfur were used in religious ceremonies and for fumigation. Alchemists recognized sulfur as a mineral substance that can be melted and burned. It was first classified as an element by Antonie Lavoisier in 1777. Sulfur Occurrence On earth, sulfur is widely distributed in its elemental state as a secondary mineral or as a volcanic deposit, as well as in combination with a number of metals. Large sedimentary deposits of the almost pure element, mainly of Tertiary age, are found in the coastal r

Acetylene or ethane, have formula C 2 H 2 , is a colorless and flammable gas. It sublimes at – 84 o C at normal pressure. Most acetylene is manufactured by the reaction of water with calcium carbide, the reaction as follows: CaC 2 + 2H 2 O >>>>> Ca (OH) 2 + C 2 H 2 This reaction also occurs in carbide lamps, where a steady gas flow in obtained from water dripping on a carbide tablet. Acetylene have triple bond on the structure formula: CH = CH. Because of this triple bond, acetylene easily undergoes addition reactions. Vinyl chloride is manufactured from acetylene by the addition of hydrogen chloride: CH == CH + HCl >>>>> CH 2 == CHCl Similar additions with acetic acid, CH3COOH, and with hydrogen cyanide, HCN, yield vinyl acetate. CH3COOH == CH 2 and acrylonitrile CH 2 == CHCN. Both compounds are important in the production of artificial fibers and plastics. Acetylene gas is used in metal cutting and welding because of its high combus

Acetone have formula CH 3 COCH 3 or in science called as 2-propanone or dimethylketone. Acetone commonly use in a fragrant as a solution, colorless and flammable liquid that boils at 56.2 o C and solidifies at – 34.8 o C. A compound with solvent properties no color and with specific odor, that can make we fill dizzy if inhaled. Aceton is obtained by fermentation of produced synthetically. It is a by product when produce aceto acetic acid. In industry, acetone is an important solvent for cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate and is also used in the production of explosives material. Small amounts of acetone are present in blood and urine, but some diabetic patients show larger than normal people. Diabetic evacuate this excess in urine (acetonuria) and through their lungs, in metabolic acidosis, pregnancy toxemia and acetonemia of numinants. Aceton can poisoning in companion animals causes narcosis, gastritis, renal and hepatic damage. Acetone is very useful in laboratory f

Acetic acid have formula CH3COOH is known as acid that use in household as additive agent in cooking recipe and more common says with vinegar. Acetic acid is a weak organic acid and the sour constituent of Vinegar. In industry, acetic acid is produced by the destructive distillation of wood and by the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde. The pure acid is called glacial acetic acid and is a corrosive, colorless liquid with a pungent smell. It solidity at 16.63 o C. Acetic acid reacts with alcohol to form acetates that are widely used as solvents. Acetic acid also react with cellulose to form cellulose acetate, which is the starting material for rayon industry and other artificial fibers and for photographic film. Vinegar in the market can be vary, there are vinegar for sour agent in cooking and also vinegar for fruit ice such as apple vinegar. Vinegar often used as seasoning on food like meat ball and other cooking. apple vinegar white vinegar Other chemicals: Chromi

Chemical Hazard Symbol is regulate by government and International standard to indicate the content of any container that transport that material. The regulation of chemical hazard symbol in Indonesia is made by Ministry of Environment and become update if any changes. Some of symbol of chemical hazard is shown on the picture below. Basic Shape, Size, Materials: The length of the lines making the points should be 1/3 of the height of the diamond and the width of the base should be 1/2 the length of the diamond side. Explosives, Hazardous and Toxic Chemicals Flammable Chemicals: There are two kind of these symbol type, Flammable liquid and Flammable Solid. Symbol of Reactive Hazardous Chemicals: Symbol for Toxic Waste: This is symbol that using International standard, every symbol in the plant should follow the regulation of the above size and dimension already stated by regulation. There are small symbol and big symbol of each chemical characteristic alre

MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) Chromic Acid Product Form :    substance Substance name: Chromic Acid Formula:             CrO 3 Synonyms:          chromia / chromium (IV) oxide / chromic trioxide / chromium andydride / chromium oxide, color red / monochromium oxide / red oxide of chromium Application:        use of the substance / mixture as oxidant and as reagent Chemicals Hazards: May cause fire or explosion, strong oxidizer Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin Causes severe an skin burn and eye damage May cause an allergic skin reaction Fatal if inhaled May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled May cause cancer (inhalation) Suspected of damaging fertility or unborn child Can causes damage to organs (kidneys, liver, respiratory system, skin, eye) through prolonged or repeated exposure Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Safety Precaution: Obtain special instructions before use Do not hand until all safet

Chemical Process Definition Chemical process is working activity in laboratory, house hold, industry and in many other activity. All incident in a nature also always exist of chemical process, and this chemical process is going on and on. Whithout our knowing it the chemical process in nature is happened. Many reason why the chemical process is happened, this process can happen by automatically or because any other contact or caused by living thing like microorganism. Chemical process happened because of any chemical reaction there, the reaction can be between chemical or reaction caused by the existing of air in atmosphere. Basically there is a contact between them, or make by something else to contact each others. Microorganism can make it contact each others. Chemical process in industry have purpose to produce something and the process of reaction must be controlled. The reaction process should be in certain place and secure, or even should be recondition the environment i

Oxidation Reaction of Chromic Acid For laboratoriest sometimes use chromic acid to clean their glassware after use to prepare chemical reaction or other purpose. The basic on how this acid can clean glass ware is their oxidizing agent to the dirt which stick to the glass. The process of this chromic acid reaction as follows: HCrO 4 -     + 3 Fe ++ + 7 H + --->  Cr +++ + 4 H 2 O 2 HCrO 4 -   + 6 I - + 14 H + --->   2 Cr +++ + 3I 2 + 8H 2 O Chromic acid will oxidized aldehydes to acids and to oxidize secondary alcohol and ketones. Chromic acid also in acetic acid solution can oxidize benzoic acid, ethylbenzene to acetophenone, triphenylmethane to triphenylcarbinol, fluorene to flourene, and chrysese to chrysoquinone. Chromic acid can dissolve in acetic andydride and sulfuric acid, oxidizes o-xylene to be tetra acetated of o-phtalaldehyde. Chromic Acid Prepare Chromic Acid as Cleaning Agent The form of chromic acid can be powder and chromic acid is