Chemical Process

Oxidation and reduction are complementary chemical processes that involve a loss of electrons (oxidation) by one reactant and a corresponding gain (reduction) by another. Both processes must occur simultaneously and in equivalent amounts. The most familiar oxidative processes utilize oxygen from the atmosphere; these include the rusting of iron, combustion, and respiration in each case oxygen is reduced. Reductive processes include the recovery of metals from their ores, the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates, and the hydrogenation of fats. Oxidizing Agents The substance that acquires electrons during an oxidation-reduction reaction is an oxidizing agent. In the course of the reaction, the oxidizing agent react and become weak reducing agent. Of the chemical elements, the most electronegative elements have the greatest tendency to participate in reactions as oxidizing agents, because they form negative ions very readily. Fluorine, with with the most highly electronegative a

Histamine is created from biological response on our body of local immune responses or in order to regulate physiological function in the gut and then can act as neurotransmitter. Histamine also created in our body response to foreign pathogens. Histamine also produce by animals in response of other disturbance or to protect them from other animals attack. In the body system, histamine is produced by basophiles and by mass cells that is found nearby connective tissue. Histamine substance created by our body in order to protect from other strange protein because by created histamine then white blood will have cell will increase the permeability of the capillaries. Histamine have colorless and hygroscopic crystals, as physical properties histamine will melt at 84oC, histamine include as polar chemicals so histamine easily dissolved in water or ethanol or alcohol but not in non polar chemicals like oil and fat. In the solution with water histamine will form as Nπ-histamine and Nτ-hi

Glycerin is a clear include as organic chemicals, nearly colorless liquid having a sweet taste but no odor. Scheele first prepared glycerin in 1779 by heating a mixture of olive oil and litharge. On washing with water, a sweat solution was obtained, giving, on evaporation of the water, a viscose heavy liquid, which the discover called “the sweet principle of facts.” In 1846 Sobrero produced the explosive nitroglycerin for the first time, and in 1868 Nobel, by absorbing it in keselghr, made it safe to handle as dynamite. These discoveries increased the demand for glycerin. This was in part satisfied by the development in 1870 of a method for recovering glycerin and salt from spent soap lyes. Since about 1948, glycerol has been produced from petrochemical raw materials by synthetic processes. Uses and Economics The production of crude glycerin is approximately 150 kt/year. Synthetic glycerin furnishes about 40 percent of the market. Glycerin is supplied in several grades, including U

On the opening area Carbon Disulfide (CS 2 ) is on the gas form, because CS 2 have boiling point at about 46 o C at atmospheric condition and CS 2 is a flammable. On the plant that use CS 2 as raw chemicals material and then release CS 2 gas should have waste gas treatment to catch this release gas before the flue gas been through away to the environment. There are several type of CS 2 catch process that is used on waste gas treatment plant, and some of them use CS 2 adsorption plant. CS2 adsorption plant recovers CS 2 from the lean gas using vapor phase adsorption onto activated carbon. The CS 2 laden lean gas stream is passing through the activated carbon (AC) bed in the adsorber where CS 2 gas molecules are adsorbed onto the large surface of AC. The adsorption ceases at the equilibrium point at which the AC can not take up any more of CS 2 . CS 2 recovery starts by desorption of CS 2 gas molecules from the AC and followed by the condensation of CS 2 . Thermal energy

The chemical element calcium is a malleable, light, silver while metal, an Alkaline Earth Metal of Group IIA in the periodic table. Its symbol is Ca, its atomic number is 20, and its atomic weight is 40.08. Calcium was first prepared by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. following the method of J.J. Berzellus and M.M. Pontin. Davy electrolyzed a mixture of lime, CaO, and mercury to produce an amalgam (a mercury, he obtained a calcite, a form of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Occurrence In cosmic abundance calcium is 13 th among the elements; on Earth it ranks 5 th and forms 3.2 % of the Earth’s crust, being less prevalent than aluminum (7.3%) or Iron (4.1%). It is not found free in nature but is common as the carbonate rock limestone, CaCO 3. It is also well distributed as the minerals calcium phosphate, silicate, fluoride, and sulfate. As calcium-magnesium carbonate it is one of the principal components of dolomite minerals and is found in pearls, coral, natural chalk, calcite, onyx

Sulfuric acid has the formula of H 2 SO 4 . Sulfuric acid is the most important sulfur compound and one of the largest volume industrial chemicals. To produce it by the method known as contact process or solvay process, sulfur is first burned in air to yield sulfur dioxide SO 2 . The subsequent oxidation of SO 2 , is slow reaction, therefore a catalytic surface made of platinum or vanadium pentoxide is required. Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid, because the oxide reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid; because the direct reaction of SO 2 and water produces a mist of H 2 SO 4 that is difficult to condense, the final stage of production takes place in two steps, SO 2 is first dissolved in H 2 SO 4 to produce pyrosulfuric acid; H 2 SO 4 , then sulfuric acid is produced by subsequent dilution of H 2 S 2 O 2 with water: SO 2 + H 2 SO 4 → H 2 S2O 2 H 2 S 2 O 2 + H 2 O → 2 H 2 SO 4 Pure sulfuric acid , a colorless oily liquid, is an extremely powerful

Poison is a chemical that produce a harmful effect on a living organism. Almost any substance has the potential of being poisonous in humans if a substantial amount gains entry into the body or if the substance enter the body by the way of the wrong route. As a result, a variety of poisons exist in solid, liquid, gaseous or vaporous form. Naturally occurring poison are used by poisonous plants and animals to prevent predation or to capture prey. Synthetic poisons range from certain types of pharmaceuticals (used other than as directed) or household cleaning products to waste product of industrial and nuclear energy plants and chemical deliberately used as weapons. Dosage, route of entry, and poetry (strength) determine if a substance is poisonous. For example, if water is accidentally inhaled into the lungs instead of being swallowed, it becomes an asphyxias poison. Whether a specific dose of a prescription drug way be safe effective for a 45-year-old man who weighs 82 kg (180 lb), the