Chemical Process

Electroplating is a process that convert a metal solution into the solid in other metal surface using direct electric current. The solution is made can conduct electric current, if the solution can't conduct electric current can add some acid or base solution that can conduct electric current. Metal solution will exist in positive ion form which transfer to the negative pole of the electrode because every charge molecule will go into the opposite of the electrode. For example in Chrome Plating Process , the chemical use chromic acid will can dissolve in water. To make this solution more conduct of electric current, into the solution add with sulfuric acid. The composition of chromium bath will vary depend on the goal of end product will formed. For Bright Plating use this formulation: The basic formulation of 100:1 chromic acid/sulphuric acid proportions: Chromic acid crystals = 33 oz. (936 grams)  Sulphuric acid fluid = .33 oz. (9.36 millilitre)  Distilled (or deminerali

The use of estimated 2.27 million metric tons of pesticide applied worldwide - as well as the use of biological and other non-chemical controls - pests continue to destroy enormous amounts of valuable food and fiber. Since 1945 the overall use of synthetic pesticides in the United States has grown 33 fold although the amounts of particular herbicide, insecticides, and fungicides used have fluctuated with time, due in large part to changes in agricultural practices. In addition, the toxicity and biological effectiveness of these newer pesticides have in created at least 10-fold. Losses from pests have not, however, shown a concurrent decline. Since 1942, losses from weeds have decline slightly, due to improved weed control practices. Losses from plant pathogens have increase slightly. The share of crops lost to insects, however, has grown from 7% to 13% during the last 40 years despite the immense increase in the amount and toxicity of synthetic insecticides. This increase can be expl

A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that exhibits the chemical properties of that substance. Molecules are groups of atoms held together by relatively strong forces called chemical bond. Each molecule of a given substance always contains the same number and kinds of atoms, and the number may range from one (Ne, for example) to many thousands (protein, for example). In a chemical reaction the chemical bonds are broken, and rearrangement of atoms takes place to form molecules of new compounds. The concept of molecule dates back to approximately 1800, when a great deal of effort was being directed toward the study of games and reactions of gases. The results of the experiments led Amadeo Avogadro to suggest that some gases consisted of groups of atoms or melecules. Molecules with the same number and kinds of atoms but different properties are called isomers. There are two general kinds; structural isomers and stereoisomers. Structural isomers are molecules that diff

The striking similarities in solvent properties existent between ammonia and water suggest that certain substituted ammonias might also function as non-aqueous solvents for inorganic substances. On the basic of structural considerations alone, any such characteristics might be expected to be more pronounced with hydroxylamine hydrazine, and the lower acid amides than with the primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Since hydroxylamine and hydrazine are strictly inorganic in nature, they should also be of more interest than the substituted ammonia containing organic radicals. Hydroxylamine, containing as it does both the amide and the hydroxyl radicals, should show solvent properties corresponding to those of both ammonia and water. Although data on the physical constants of these two compounds are incomplete, the values summarized. Early observation by Kohlschutter and Hofmann indicated rather striking resemblances between hydroxylamine and water in solvent character, salvation, amp

Although the general behavior of metals in liquid ammonia has been treated in conjuction with the nature of the metallic state, a more comprehensive examinations of their characteristic appears warranted. Of many published summaries which describe such systems, those given by Johnson and Meyer and by Fernelius and Watt are perhaps the best for consultation because of their completeness and of their comprehensive coverage of the original literature. Of internet too are several less techical discussion. The alkali metals are readily soluble without appreciable thermal effects and without chemical reaction (in the absence of such catalysts as iron, iron (III) oxide, or platinum or of light of wavelength 2150 - 2550 A which favor amide formation) to give blue solutions which possess identical absorption spectra at given dilutions, and have densities less than the density of pure ammonia. Although the alkaline earth metals yield ammonates, their solutions of the alkali metals. It is no

As with many drugs in recreational use, there are feds and fashion in inhalants-substances containing volatile chemicals that have psychoactive (and other) effects when inhaled. In the 1960s, the in substance in this category was model airplane glue. More recently a variety of other substances have been sniffed in quest a quick "high," including gasoline, furniture polish, insecticide, transmissin fluid, paint thinners, and more. All are highly toxic and can cause damage to vital organs such as lungs, kidney, liver and brain, and death. Nitrous Oxide Recreational use of nitrous oxide, discovered in 1773 and first used in dentistry in the 1849s, actually predates its medical use. Still employed as an anesthetic (it is also the propellant in whipped cream dispensers), among the least toxic inhalants. It is toxic, nevertheless, and death can follow if it is inhaled with insufficient oxygen. What happens if a person takes nitrous oxide over a long period? Repeated, long-term

One of the most water-like and certainly one of the most comprehensively studied, of the non-aqueous solvents is liquid ammonia. Early interest in reactions in this medium has been continued until the literature has become extremely voluminous and complex. References already cited shuld be supplemented by the excellent yearly review compiled for the period 1933-1940 under the general guidance of Watt. Solubility in Liquid Ammonia Inasmuch as the solubilities of materials in liquid ammonia are often markedly different from the corresponding solubilities in water and inasmuch as the reaction solute undergo are often functions of their solubilities, a general summary of solubilities is desirable. Perhaps the outstanding difference between ammonia and water is the ability of ammonia to dissolve, without chemical reaction, five metals which are strongly reducing in character. Thus the alkali metals dissolve readily to yield characteristic blue solution from which the free metals can be