Chemical Process

There are three classical divisions of the general subject of oils, fats, and waxes will be retained: vegetable oils, animal oils and fats, and waxes. Under each of these headings the general methods of manufacture will discribe for the most important of the illustrative individual members. The list below are indicates the yields of vegetable oils from some of the usual sources. The two general methods employed in obtaining vegetable fats and oils are expression in use. Solvent extraction has assumed importance in virtually all vegetable oil recovery plants, alone or in combination with pre-pressing. For high oil content seeds, such as cottonseed and safflower seed, usually both expression and extraction are utilized in the recovery systems for higher yields. Obtaining crude vegetable and animal oils involves primarily physical changes or unit operations, but chemical conversion are concerned in the refining and further processing of such oils. Approximates Oil Yields of Certain V

Pigments are colored, this substance have vary there are organic and inorganic substances. Organic and inorganic insoluble substances used widely in surface coatings, but they are also employed in the ink, plastic, rubber, ceramic, paper, and linoleum industries to impart color. A large number of pigments are dyes are consumed because different products require a particular choice of material to give maximum coverage, economy, opacity, color, durability, and desired refluctance. White lead, zinc oxide. and lithophone were once the principle of white pigments, colored pigments consisted of prusian blue, lead chromates, various iron oxides, and a few lake colors. Today titanium oxide in many varieties is almost the only white pigment used. Lead pigments, formely of major important, are now prohibited by law for many uses. The kind example of many colored pigments are as follows: White hiding pigments: Titanium dioxide Zinc oxide Lithophone Zinc Sulfide Antimony oxide Black