Chemical Process

Wine has been made for several thousand years by fermentation of the juice of the grapes. Like other fermentations, many primitive procedures have been supplanted by improved science and engineering to reduce costs and to make more uniform products. But now, as always, the quality of the product is largely related to grape, soil and sun, resulting in a variation in flavor, bouquet, and aroma. The color depends largely upon the nature of the grapes and whether the skins are pressed out before fermentation. Wines are classified as natural (alcohol 7 to 14%), fortified (alcohol 14 to 30%), sweet or dry, still or sparkling. Fortified wines have alcohol or brandy added. In the sweet wines some of the sugar remains unfermented. For the manufacture of dry red wine, red or black grapes are necessary. The grapes are run through a crusher, which macerates them but do not crush the seeds, and also removes part of the stems. The resulting pulp, or must, is pumped into 11,000 to 38,000 L tanks, ...

There are three classical divisions of the general subject of oils, fats, and waxes will be retained: vegetable oils, animal oils and fats, and waxes. Under each of these headings the general methods of manufacture will discribe for the most important of the illustrative individual members. The list below are indicates the yields of vegetable oils from some of the usual sources. The two general methods employed in obtaining vegetable fats and oils are expression in use. Solvent extraction has assumed importance in virtually all vegetable oil recovery plants, alone or in combination with pre-pressing. For high oil content seeds, such as cottonseed and safflower seed, usually both expression and extraction are utilized in the recovery systems for higher yields. Obtaining crude vegetable and animal oils involves primarily physical changes or unit operations, but chemical conversion are concerned in the refining and further processing of such oils. Approximates Oil Yields of Certain V...

Pigments are colored, this substance have vary there are organic and inorganic substances. Organic and inorganic insoluble substances used widely in surface coatings, but they are also employed in the ink, plastic, rubber, ceramic, paper, and linoleum industries to impart color. A large number of pigments are dyes are consumed because different products require a particular choice of material to give maximum coverage, economy, opacity, color, durability, and desired refluctance. White lead, zinc oxide. and lithophone were once the principle of white pigments, colored pigments consisted of prusian blue, lead chromates, various iron oxides, and a few lake colors. Today titanium oxide in many varieties is almost the only white pigment used. Lead pigments, formely of major important, are now prohibited by law for many uses. The kind example of many colored pigments are as follows: White hiding pigments: Titanium dioxide Zinc oxide Lithophone Zinc Sulfide Antimony oxide Black...

Oxidation and reduction are complementary chemical processes that involve a loss of electrons (oxidation) by one reactant and a corresponding gain (reduction) by another. Both processes must occur simultaneously and in equivalent amounts. The most familiar oxidative processes utilize oxygen from the atmosphere; these include the rusting of iron, combustion, and respiration in each case oxygen is reduced. Reductive processes include the recovery of metals from their ores, the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates, and the hydrogenation of fats. Oxidizing Agents The substance that acquires electrons during an oxidation-reduction reaction is an oxidizing agent. In the course of the reaction, the oxidizing agent react and become weak reducing agent. Of the chemical elements, the most electronegative elements have the greatest tendency to participate in reactions as oxidizing agents, because they form negative ions very readily. Fluorine, with with the most highly electronegative a...

Histamine is created from biological response on our body of local immune responses or in order to regulate physiological function in the gut and then can act as neurotransmitter. Histamine also created in our body response to foreign pathogens. Histamine also produce by animals in response of other disturbance or to protect them from other animals attack. In the body system, histamine is produced by basophiles and by mass cells that is found nearby connective tissue. Histamine substance created by our body in order to protect from other strange protein because by created histamine then white blood will have cell will increase the permeability of the capillaries. Histamine have colorless and hygroscopic crystals, as physical properties histamine will melt at 84oC, histamine include as polar chemicals so histamine easily dissolved in water or ethanol or alcohol but not in non polar chemicals like oil and fat. In the solution with water histamine will form as Nπ-histamine and Nτ-hi...

Glycerin is a clear include as organic chemicals, nearly colorless liquid having a sweet taste but no odor. Scheele first prepared glycerin in 1779 by heating a mixture of olive oil and litharge. On washing with water, a sweat solution was obtained, giving, on evaporation of the water, a viscose heavy liquid, which the discover called “the sweet principle of facts.” In 1846 Sobrero produced the explosive nitroglycerin for the first time, and in 1868 Nobel, by absorbing it in keselghr, made it safe to handle as dynamite. These discoveries increased the demand for glycerin. This was in part satisfied by the development in 1870 of a method for recovering glycerin and salt from spent soap lyes. Since about 1948, glycerol has been produced from petrochemical raw materials by synthetic processes. Uses and Economics The production of crude glycerin is approximately 150 kt/year. Synthetic glycerin furnishes about 40 percent of the market. Glycerin is supplied in several grades, including U...

On the opening area Carbon Disulfide (CS 2 ) is on the gas form, because CS 2 have boiling point at about 46 o C at atmospheric condition and CS 2 is a flammable. On the plant that use CS 2 as raw chemicals material and then release CS 2 gas should have waste gas treatment to catch this release gas before the flue gas been through away to the environment. There are several type of CS 2 catch process that is used on waste gas treatment plant, and some of them use CS 2 adsorption plant. CS2 adsorption plant recovers CS 2 from the lean gas using vapor phase adsorption onto activated carbon. The CS 2 laden lean gas stream is passing through the activated carbon (AC) bed in the adsorber where CS 2 gas molecules are adsorbed onto the large surface of AC. The adsorption ceases at the equilibrium point at which the AC can not take up any more of CS 2 . CS 2 recovery starts by desorption of CS 2 gas molecules from the AC and followed by the condensation of CS 2 . Thermal energy ...