Chemical Process

An explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter, called black powder , was known to the Chinese centuries ago, its use in propelling missile was demonstrated shortly after 1300. the discoveries of nitro-glycerine and nitrocellulose shortly before 1850 and the invention of dynamites and the mercury fulminate blasting cap soon after, were epochal events of the high explosives era. Smokeless powder was first made in 1867. The demand for more powerful and uniform propellants for the space program offered a recent, new challenge. In times of war, increased quantities are required; for example, roughly 3 x 103 kg was manufactured in the United States between January 1840 and V-J day. Industrial and commercial use is very substantial 1.6 x 109 kg/year in 1982. Although a great many compounds and mixtures are explosive, comparatively, few of them are suitable for explosive use because of the critical restrictions on ability, safety, and price. Most explosive compounds are too expensive...

Sodium Hydrosulphide Sodium Hydrosulphide (NaHS) finds use in ore flotation (30 percent), dyestuff processing (20 percent), as a leather depilatory (20 percent), the manufacture or rayon and organic chemicals (10 percent) and in the metallurgical industry. These were five merchant producers who operated six plants in 1981. Total demand was about 18,000 t/year. Wow very big amount. Sodium Thiosulfate Sodium Thiosulfate crystallizes in large, transparent, extremely soluble prisms with five molecules of water. It is a mild reducing agent, like sodium sulfite. It is employed as an antichlor following the bleaching of cellulose products and as a source of sulphur dioxide in the bleaching of wool, oil, and ivory. In photography, which accounts for 90 percent of current use, it is used to dissolve unaltered silver halogen compounds from negatives and prints, where it is commonly called “hypo”. It is a preservative against fermentation in dyeing and serves in the preparation of mordants....

Insect have more species (over one million already described) than any other form of animal life and are in many ways the most indestructible form. About 1 percent of the species offer hazard to human and animals. Human and pests fight a continuous battle for food and shelter. Insects alone claim about 10 % of our crops in US, and about 14 percent in worldwide, various misery causing diseases are carried by insect malaria, yellow fever, typhus, and plague to name a few. For us to survive at current population levels, pesticides must be used and new ones constantly developed. When insecticide applied widely, all but a few of the local insects are destroyed, but the remaining ones are those most resistant to the destroying agent. After destroying generation, this selection makes the surviving insects increasingly resistant to the destroying agent. Eventually, complete resistance may occur. This phenomenon is seen with medical product, and all types of pesticides. In an effort to retard ...

Sodium Sulfite Sodium sulfite is a compound that is very easily oxidized. For this reason, it is employed in many cases where a gentle reducing agent is desired, e.g. to bleach wool and silk, as an antichlor after the bleaching of yarns, textile and paper, as a preservative for foodstuffs, and to prevent raw sugar solution from colouring upon evaporation. It is very widely used in the preparation of photographic developer to prevent from oxidation from hydroquinone and other agents. It has a small application in the field of medicine as an antiseptic and as an antizymotic for internal use. About 60% of the total merchant market is in the paper Industries. While merchant capacity is about 145,000 t/year, the paper mills have twice capacity to captive use. The demand for boiler feed water treatment is about 15%. It is use to remove oxygen from water and thus help to prevent corrosion and scale formation. These were four major production in 1891, one of which provided 50% percent of the...

Sodium bisulphate is commonly called as Niter Cake because it was formally obtained by the obsolete process of reacting nitrate, or niter, with sulphuric acid: NaNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 → NaHSO 4 + HNO 3 It may also be formed when salt is moderately heated with sulphuric acid: NaCl + H 2 SO 4   →  NaHSO 4 + HCl It is an easy handled dry material that react like sulphuric acid. Major uses are in the manufacture of acid type toilet bowl cleaners and for industrial cleaning and metal pickling. Minor uses are in dye baths, carbonizing wool and various chemical processes. Sodium Bisulphite Sodium bisulfite finds industrial use either in solution or as a solid. The total solid is of the anhydrous form, and the pure reagent has the formula NaHSO 3 . The commercial product consist almost entirely of Na 2 S 2 O 5 (sodium pyrosulfite), or sodium metabisulfite, which is the dehydrated derivative of two molecules of sodium bisulfite. The solution may be easily shippe...

The only major black pigments are the carbon blacks. These come in various shades and their manufacture is discussed specially under industrial carbon. Lampback, which has a larger particle size, is used for tinting to produce shades of gray. The carbon blacks are very opaque and have excellent durability, resistance to all type of chemical and light fastness. They should not be used in direct contact with iron and steel in primer coating because they stimulate metal corrosion. There are many kind of industrial carbon available: Lampblack Carbon black Activated Carbon Natural Graphite Industrial Diamond For pigment purposes, industry usually use lampblack as the base raw material. To dilute lampblack use organic dilution because lampblack can’t dilute in water.

The oldest and formerly most important of the white pigments is white lead, which is so longer permitted as a consistent of most points. Zinc oxide, another white pigment formerly widely used, is now of only minor importance. The kind of white pigments such as follows: Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Lithophone Zinc sulphide Antimony oxide Lithophone Lithophone is a mixed zinc sulphide, barium sulphate pigment that contains about 30% zinc sulphide. The original light sensitiveness has been overcome by raw material purification and by addition of such agents as polythionates and cobalt sulphate. Lithophone is a brilliantly white, extremely fine, cheap, white pigment. It is particularly well adapted to interior coating. The manufacture of this substance, barium, zinc and lithopone circuits are represented by different types of lines. The barium sulphide solution is prepared by reducing barite are (BaSO 4 ) with carbon and leaching the resulting mass. The equation is: BaSO 4 ...