Chemical Process

All living organisms participate in the nitrogen cycle, which encompasses the process and chemical reaction involved in producing organic nitrogen from inorganic nitrogen and subsequently breaking down organic nitrogen back to the inorganic form. Ammonification The cycle begins to form ammonia, NH3: the electrical energy of lightning drives the reaction. Ammonia combines with rain and becomes available to green plants as dilute nitric acid, HNO3. Ammonia is also derived from the breakdown of proteins that constitute plant and animal cells. This chemical , combined with the products of photosynthesis, is used to form amino acids, which are the basic components of plant proteins. Animals eat the plant proteins, break them down into amino acids during the process of digestion, and recombine them to form their own particular forms of protein in order to build tissues and organs of their bodies. Denitrification Certain soil bacteria convert nitrogen containing compounds into ammonia a

The name organic chemistry originated at the beginning of the 19th century, when scientists wishes to differentiate between those substances derived from plant and animal (organic) materials. It was believed that organic substances had special qualities and could be created only in the presence of the “vital force” found in living organisms. Even though the vital force theory was eventually disproved, the classification of chemical substances as organic or inorganic has continued to present. The modern usage of “organic chemistry” refers to the chemistry of compounds containing carbon . These organic substances are generally characterized by chains of connected carbon atoms. Millions of such organic compounds are known. Many of these are “natural products,” or compounds found in nature. The study of the large organic molecules found in living systems and their reactions, which make up the life processes, has come to be called biochemistry. A large number of the known organic chemi

Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear reaction in which to atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy. For a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged, must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force of repulsion. This can occur either when one nucleus is accelerated to high energies by an accelerating device or when the energies of both nuclei are raised by the application of very high temperatures. The later method, referred to as thermonuclear fusion, is the source of Sun’s energy, if a proton is accelerated and collides with another proton, these nuclei can fuse, forming a deuterium nucleus (one proton and one neutron), a positron, a neutrino, and energy. Such a reaction is not self sustaining, because the released energy is not readily imparted to other nuclei. Thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium (one proton and two neutrons) will produce a helium nucleus and an energetic neutron that can help sust

 An industrial chemical reactor is a complex device in which heat transfer , mass transfer, diffusion, and friction may occur along with chemical reaction, and it must be safe and controllable. In large vessels, questions of mixing of reactants, flow distribution, residence time distribution, and efficient utilization of the surface of porous catalysts also arise. A particular process can be dominated by one of these factors or by several of them; for example, a reactor may on occasion be predominantly a heat exchanger or a mass-transfer device. A successful commercial unit is an economic balance of all these factors. Many successful types of reactors are illustrated throughout this section. Additional sketches may be found in other books on this topic, particularly in Walas (Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design, Butter worths, 1990) and Ullmann (Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (in German), vol. 3, Verlag Chemie, 1973, pp. 321–518). The general characteristics of t

An alkaloid is any of a class of nitrogen-containing natural product of plant origin that have an alkaline, or basic, chemical nature. Some alkaloid are simple, monocyclic (one-ring) amines (see cyclic compounds), but many are very complex, polycyclic amines. Occurrence More than 200 alkoloids are known. They are present in only about 10 to 15 % of all vascular plants . Often found in the dicotyledone group of the angiosperm, or flowering plants, they seldom occur in monocotyledone or in other plant groups, such as gymnosperms. The most actively growing parts of such plants usually contain the highest percentage of the compounds. Among the more familiar alkaloid are aconitine (From monkshood), atropine (from belladonna), codeine, morphine, and papaverine (from opium poppy), nicotine (From tobacco) quinidine and quinine (from cinchona bark), solanine (from potate and tomato), ricinine (from castor bean) and strychnine and brucine (from Nux fomica). Function. Why certain plants

A chemical bond is formed when separate atoms are brought together and the sharing or transfer of electrons occurs. Chemical bonds can be weak or strong, depending on the nature of the interactions. The chemical bond itself happen cause by a chemical reaction between atom. The physical and chemical properties of most compounds are due, in large part, to these bonding forces. Ionic Bonding When two or more atoms combine, a competition for the available electrons can occur that leads to a nearly complete transfer of one or more electrons. The resulting formation of an ionic bond involves the removal of an electron from one atom, a process known as ionization potential of the atom. The other atom gains an electron, and the measure of its ability to do so is known as its electron affinity. An ionic bond result from the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the negatively charged anions and positively charged cations. When atoms of sodium and chlorine are brought together,

From an engineering viewpoint, reaction kinetics has these principal functions: Establishing the chemical mechanism of a reaction obtaining experimental rate data Correlating rate data by equations or other means; Designing suitable reactors, Specifying operating conditions, control methods, and auxiliary equipment to meet the technological and economic needs of the reaction process . The discussion of Chemical reaction rate will different if seen from different background science. Reactions can be classified in several ways. On the basis of mechanism they may be: 1. Irreversible 2. Reversible 3. Simultaneous 4. Consecutive A further classification from the point of view of mechanism is with respect to the number of molecules participating in the reaction, the molecularity: 1. Unimolecular 2. Bimolecular and higher Related to the preceding is the classification with respect to order. In the power law rate equation r = k(Ca)p. (Cb)q, the exponent to which any particular r