Chemical Process

Sulfuric acid has the formula of H 2 SO 4 . Sulfuric acid is the most important sulfur compound and one of the largest volume industrial chemicals. To produce it by the method known as contact process or solvay process, sulfur is first burned in air to yield sulfur dioxide SO 2 . The subsequent oxidation of SO 2 , is slow reaction, therefore a catalytic surface made of platinum or vanadium pentoxide is required. Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid, because the oxide reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid; because the direct reaction of SO 2 and water produces a mist of H 2 SO 4 that is difficult to condense, the final stage of production takes place in two steps, SO 2 is first dissolved in H 2 SO 4 to produce pyrosulfuric acid; H 2 SO 4 , then sulfuric acid is produced by subsequent dilution of H 2 S 2 O 2 with water: SO 2 + H 2 SO 4 → H 2 S2O 2 H 2 S 2 O 2 + H 2 O → 2 H 2 SO 4 Pure sulfuric acid , a colorless oily liquid, is an extremely powerful...

Poison is a chemical that produce a harmful effect on a living organism. Almost any substance has the potential of being poisonous in humans if a substantial amount gains entry into the body or if the substance enter the body by the way of the wrong route. As a result, a variety of poisons exist in solid, liquid, gaseous or vaporous form. Naturally occurring poison are used by poisonous plants and animals to prevent predation or to capture prey. Synthetic poisons range from certain types of pharmaceuticals (used other than as directed) or household cleaning products to waste product of industrial and nuclear energy plants and chemical deliberately used as weapons. Dosage, route of entry, and poetry (strength) determine if a substance is poisonous. For example, if water is accidentally inhaled into the lungs instead of being swallowed, it becomes an asphyxias poison. Whether a specific dose of a prescription drug way be safe effective for a 45-year-old man who weighs 82 kg (180 lb), the...

Coal has the main composition of carbon , and carbon in a nature make a chemical reaction to build their substances. These substances are varying and have their own name depend on the composition on their chain. Carbon in their chemical chain usually called as carbonates that have many name of these substances . The mineral that usually available on coal are as follows: Silicates: Clay minerals: Kaolinite Al 2 Si 2 O 3 (OH) 4 Illite Montmorillonite Chlorite Mixed layer clays Others: Quartz SiO 2 Chalcedony SiO 2 Feldspar KAlSi 3 O 4 Tourmaline NaMg 3 Al 6 B 3 Si 6 O 27 (OH) 4 Sulphides: Pyrite FeS 2 Marcasite FeS 2 Sphalerite ZnS Galena PbS Carbonates: Calcite CaCO 3 Dolomite (CaMg)CO 3 Siderite FeCO 3 Aroganite CaCO 3 Ankerite (FeMgCa)CO 3 Dawsonite NaAlCO 3 (OH) 2 Strontianite SrCO 3 Sulphates: Gypsum CaSO 4 .2H 2 O Barite BaSO 4 Anhydrite CaSO 4 Coquimbite Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .9H 2 O Szomolnokite NaFe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 Other mine...

CO or Carbon Monoxide is a poisonous gas, CO gas is formed from imperfect combustion of carbon substance that is come from many source, such as coal, petrol fuel and many others . Poisonous gas is consisting of elements that threat to our live. The poisonous gas can enter to our body through of many ways, through breath of nose, permeated to the skin, and from injection. Poisonous gases usually colorless and no smell but threat to our environment seriously. The common gases that destroy our environment are CO and H2S . The poisonous gas exposed to our environment in two model; chronic and acute. Chronic Expose: Expose for long time Affected to hemoglobin Feel getting flu such as headache Cause weakened to our health resilience Carbon monoxide is one of this reasons Carbon Monoxide Data: Colorless, smelliness, flammable LEL 12.5% Very poison; can absorb oxygen 200 – 300 time faster than oxygen in the hemoglobin Exposures: PEL/TWA 25 ppm C 20...

Flammable liquid is defined that the liquid easy to be fired. But the easiest of each liquid or gasses have scale, on the chemical engineer this material is being classes as in the table below. As on the table describe of boiling point, flash point and ignition temperature of each material. Boiling point is the temperature which the material beginning to boil like water will boil at 100 oC at 1 atmosphere pressure. Flash point is the lowest temperature at which material will ignite, but flash point is not autoignite, at which material will fired by itself. Flammable liquid is grouping into their gas group, the group of flammable liquid is just use for using an equipment that is suitable for this environment. Some equipment is not suitable with this liquid properties and can make broken to certain equipment if forced using on this environment. Ignition temperature is the point that material will starting fired when put in heat source into the material. Group specification and charact...

Hydrogen sulfide has a chemical formula as H2S. H2S is a gas that forms naturally in crude oil, natural gas, and water with high sulfur concentrations (sour water). H2S is soluble in water, and may be released out of the water if there is change in the pH, line pressure, and /or temperature. Some of the process areas may generate potentially fatal concentrations of H2S. These sources could be from raw materials, process reactions, or exposure of materials during a fire. Flare systems handle large volumes of H2S. Any process flare or vent equipment entry could expose personnel to deadly concentrations of H2S. Some streams downstream of refineries may also contain potentially fatal concentrations of H2S. (Contact your local facility safety representatives for a list of specific equipment, which may contain H2S) H2S is a flammable substance, incomplete combustion of H2S may cause the formation of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). SO2 is also very toxic, and precautions should be taken to avo...

Dear All, On the bellow story is about the reaction effect that caused by bad our environment. Many industrial waste contain chemical that can’t be proceed by our body, or animal body like shrimp or crab from sea or river. If the chemicals consume by our body or animals body then accumulate on the body and can cause cancer. If scrimp accumulate risk chemicals on their body and then consume by us then we can poisonous or accumulate again in our body. This story is happened in Manado, Indonesia. Woman suddenly die after eat scrimp but don’t because of suicide, all the body sense exert blood, what happened to this woman. After observed, the habit of this woman always consume Vitamin C every day for keeping their body vitality. This habit is no problem for her health, the last time of their life this woman is eat much of scrimps, and this is also not the cause of her dying. She is not consume scrimp alone, other family also eat this scrimp and no problem for others. On the next ob...