Chemical Process

Freon is a trademark of E.I. du Pont for a series of chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocartoons. The parent hydrocarbons are methane, CH 4 , and ethane C 2 H 6 ; a few Freons contain a bromine atom. Freon often use as AC refrigerant but this chemicals have been forbiden to use because it can depletion the ozone layer on the atmosphere. Freon is the synthetic refrigerant that can be build from several compostion of chemicals, several kind of freon as folows: Chloro Fluoro Carbon, known as CFC Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon, known as HCFC Hydro Fluoro Carbon, known as HFC The freons are chemically stable, nontoxic, and non flammable. Other useful properties are high density, low boiling point, and low viscosity. These characteristics make the freons especially suited for use as refrigerants. They have also been used as propellants in aerosol cans, as solvents, and to expand polyurethane insulating foams. Freons are fluorocarbons, the substances that have been implicated in the depletion o...

If you work on laboratory you will familiar with glassware apparatus  that usually use as many tools in laboratory. Most of glassware that use for chemicals fluid have a size with volume indicator, even not all this glass apparatus will use for measure liquid volume. The different of this measuring ruler is the thoroughness. Glass use for volume measure will have more accuracy compare with glass that is not use to measure the volume.  The glass with smaller inlet section called as Erlenmeyer, this glass is not purposes to measure the liquid volume even though there is a measurement indicator on the glass wall. The chemical glass with the same inlet section with the bottom called as Chemical Glass, this glass is not use for volume measurement but just keep or storage the chemical inside with the volume prediction. The highest glass on the picture above called as measuring cylinder, this glass is used for volume measurement. Measuring cylinder is just use to measu...

A terpene is a naturally occuring organic compound with the general formula (C 5 H 8 ) n . Until recently this definition was used rather strictly. The term terpenoid , refering to related compounds containing oxygen, has fallen into disuse, and both classes are now known as terpenes. The terpene share a common general formula and often have structures related to the diene isoprene: (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) = isoprene, CH 2 C=CH 3 CH=CH 2 . The number of isoprene units serves as the most common classification system for the large number of known terpenes. The German chemist Otto Wallach received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1910 for his extensive studies of terpene chemistry. Many terpenes are commercially valuable. For example, the monoterpenes and ssquiterpenes are major comstituents of many essential oils prized as perfumes and flavors. There are important relationship between the higher terpenes and steroids, carotenoids and vitamins. The carotenoids β-carotine (a tet...

Hazardous materials are substances which can endanger or damage in certain concentrations (amounts) people, animals, environment and real values. These materials can be existent firmly, liquidly, gaseous or also in the form of radiation. Appearance of hazardous materials Different transport ways (streets, rails, water, air) Storage, manufacturing, processing in buildings and mills During fires as a result of the combustion (pyrolyse products) Hospitals, indoor swimming pools, collecting points of problematic goods Agriculture Chemical materials Caustic materials Develop a direct irritation and caustic impact on eyes, skin and tissues of humans and animals. Acids and bases (heavy caustic materials) Cause corrosions of the eyes, the skin and the respiratory system as well as destroy clothes and equipment. Materials which are harmful to the environment Damage depending on their character and effect plants, soil, ground water and bodies of water. Poisonous materials ...

Lithium is a chemical element of the Alkali Metals. Group IA in the periodic table. Its chemical symbol is Li, its atomic number is 3, and its atomic weight is 6.941, the lowest weight of all metals. Soft and silvery white, lithium quickly becomes covered with a gray oxidation layer when exposed to air. In nature, lithium is always found in bonded form. Lithium is found in the minerals spodumene, LiAlSiO 2 , petalite, LiAlSi 4 O 10 , and eucryptite, LiAlSiO 4 . Lithium metal is prepared by electroysis of molten lithium were estimated at more than 10 million metric tons. Although a highly reactive element, lithium is less active than the other alkali metals. Like the others, it easily yield an electron, forming monovalent positive ions. Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide. LiOH, which is used as a carbon dioxide bonding agent in the ventilating systems of submarines and spaceships. Other important lithium borate, Li 2 B 4 O 2 , which are used in the ceramic industr...

It is also some unusual happened that your potato skin can turn to green. The green part on potato skin indicate the presence of toxin. Better you cut out the green part before you peel your potatoes. The green part of the potato actually just chlorophyll, but this chlorophyll indicates that potato has exposed to light where the natural toxin in the potato (solanine) concentrated at harmful levels. So this make we prohibit to store potato on the room temperature, always keep them in a cool and don’t sun light exposure. Solanine is a natural defense mechanism of the potato to ward off fungus and pests. Solanine substance also make the potato bruished and spoil. If you have potatoes with this indication better to discharge them all. According to some reference solanine can be lowered the toxin if heat on the 306 o F or 150  o C, but heat at 212 o F or at water boiling temperature has no effect, so if you treat the tomato like this better cut it out the green part.

The gas is produced by the chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water: CaC 2  + 2H2O → C 2 H 2  + Ca(OH) 2  + heat Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) possesses the advantage of a higher combustion velocity, higher flame capacity and higher flame temperature over other fuel gasses (propane, hydrogen natural gas). A gas with a higher combustion velocity produces a shorter flame. The flame capacity is the heat quantity in kJ (kiloJoule), which is supplied to every square centimeter of the workpiece surface per second. Acetylene oxygen are suited together in the mixing tube of the torch. The mixture ignites at 335 o C and yields. Acetylene + oxygen → 4 CO 2  + 2 H 2 O + heat One cubic meter of acetylene gas produce up to 57,000 kJ of heat. This thermal energy heats the material to the melting point and fuses it. Acetylene Cylinders are made of seemless drawn steel tubes. Even at 2 bar overpressure, acetylene tends to explode, a decomposition process which produce he...