Chemical Process

The important  bond chemicals linkage  which hold together the components of crystalline solids and their general characteristics may be summarized as follows: 1. Ionic Linkages or ionic bond In which the crystals are made up of regular geometrical arrangements of positive and negative ions. Such solids tend to possess high melting and boiling points, are hard and difficult to deform, and tend to be soluble in polar solvents. When dissolved in such solvents as fused, they are excellent conductors. Crystals characterized by such linkages are called ionic crystals. The salts are examples. 2. Covalent Linkages In which the crystals are made up of molecules produced by the sharing of electrons, usually to pairs, between atoms of the elements involved. Such solids posses properties essentially opposite from those outlined for ionic crystals, although the partial ionic characters of many covalent bonds effect corresponding modifications. The following types of covalent crystal...

The formula or Pentacrythritol is C(CH 2 OH) 4 , with molecular weight 136.14. Pentacrythritol is a white or light yellow with a little sweetness and soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in benzene, ethyl ether and other mineral ether. Pentacrythritol have boiling point 276 o C and melted in 262  o C, have density of 1.35 g/cm3 and have refractive index 1.54 – 1.56. Pentacrythritol is mainly used in the production of alkyd resin and as material of paint industry, besides as explosive material, floor paint and air lubricant oil. To handling this material should be placed in a dry clean and ventilated place, should avoid heating, damp and direct contacting to sunshine. How to produce this material still being patented by Harry Jackson, William M. Kraft et al, and other scientist. Some journal just describe the main reaction of the manufacturing of this substances. The invention relates to a process for resolving into its component materials the waste liquor resultant from the ...

Iodine has atomic number 53 with a symbol I, is a solid nonmetallic element of the Halogen family. Group VIIA in the periodic table, a group that includes Flourine, Chlorine, and Bromine. At room temperature iodine is a lustrous, blue black, crystalline solid of atomic weight 126.9045. Iodine is the least water soluble halogen, but it dissolves readily in alcohol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Iodine is poisonous, but as a trace element it is essential to plant and animal growth. In higher mammals it is concentrated in the Thyroid gland and is involved in the synthesis of thyroxine and other biochemicals that grown metabolic activities. Besides affecting growth, iodine deficiency can also cause goiter, so iodine salts are added to table salts in regions where iodine levels are low. History Iodine was first observed in 1811 by a French saltpeter manufacture, Bernard Desormes and Nicholas Clement confirmed its nature and announced the discovery of the new element, ...

The Milk Way is the giant galaxy system that contains of our solar system. Pluto the farthest planet from sun, only stone and very cold air, the surface temperature reach to – 238oC, because of this very cold temperature the surface become a block of ice, a dead ice. The Milky Way Pluto Neptune, one another frozen planet with the surface temperature reach of -218oC, the atmosphere contain helium, hydrogen and methane are poisonous for life being. High methane contain make this atmosphere have blue color. The environment with great storm with speed of 2000 km/hour. Neptune Uranus the dead planet, the mostly planet composed from stone and ice. Need 84 years of Earth for Uranus to circle the sun, atmosphere with hydrogen, helium and methane very poisonous for live. Uranus Saturn’s is the second biggest planet of the sun, with the ring circle them, this ring contain of gas, stone and ice, the whole planet composed by gas, 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. The density of ...

Freon is a trademark of E.I. du Pont for a series of chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocartoons. The parent hydrocarbons are methane, CH 4 , and ethane C 2 H 6 ; a few Freons contain a bromine atom. Freon often use as AC refrigerant but this chemicals have been forbiden to use because it can depletion the ozone layer on the atmosphere. Freon is the synthetic refrigerant that can be build from several compostion of chemicals, several kind of freon as folows: Chloro Fluoro Carbon, known as CFC Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon, known as HCFC Hydro Fluoro Carbon, known as HFC The freons are chemically stable, nontoxic, and non flammable. Other useful properties are high density, low boiling point, and low viscosity. These characteristics make the freons especially suited for use as refrigerants. They have also been used as propellants in aerosol cans, as solvents, and to expand polyurethane insulating foams. Freons are fluorocarbons, the substances that have been implicated in the depletion o...

If you work on laboratory you will familiar with glassware apparatus  that usually use as many tools in laboratory. Most of glassware that use for chemicals fluid have a size with volume indicator, even not all this glass apparatus will use for measure liquid volume. The different of this measuring ruler is the thoroughness. Glass use for volume measure will have more accuracy compare with glass that is not use to measure the volume.  The glass with smaller inlet section called as Erlenmeyer, this glass is not purposes to measure the liquid volume even though there is a measurement indicator on the glass wall. The chemical glass with the same inlet section with the bottom called as Chemical Glass, this glass is not use for volume measurement but just keep or storage the chemical inside with the volume prediction. The highest glass on the picture above called as measuring cylinder, this glass is used for volume measurement. Measuring cylinder is just use to measu...

A terpene is a naturally occuring organic compound with the general formula (C 5 H 8 ) n . Until recently this definition was used rather strictly. The term terpenoid , refering to related compounds containing oxygen, has fallen into disuse, and both classes are now known as terpenes. The terpene share a common general formula and often have structures related to the diene isoprene: (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) = isoprene, CH 2 C=CH 3 CH=CH 2 . The number of isoprene units serves as the most common classification system for the large number of known terpenes. The German chemist Otto Wallach received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1910 for his extensive studies of terpene chemistry. Many terpenes are commercially valuable. For example, the monoterpenes and ssquiterpenes are major comstituents of many essential oils prized as perfumes and flavors. There are important relationship between the higher terpenes and steroids, carotenoids and vitamins. The carotenoids β-carotine (a tet...