Chemical Process

Large quantities of alumina are produced yearly for the manufacture of metallic aluminum . In 1980, 90 percent of the raw material, bauxite, was obtained from foreign sources. Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Surinam, Guyana, Guinea, and Australia are the countries from which the United States imports this bauxite. Total consumption was 15.6 x 106 t, about 96 percent of this going to alumina production; smaller uses include abrasives chemical manufacture, refractories and ceramic fibers. The production of alumina may be divided into the following steps: Bauxite, a mineral containing about 55% aluminum oxide and less than 7% silica, is crushed wet ground to 100 meshes. The finely divided bauxite is dissolved under pressure and heat in Bayer digesters with concentrated spent caustic soda solution from a previous and sufficient lime and soda ash. Sodium aluminates is formed, and dissolved silica is precipitated as sodium aluminum silica. The undisolved residue (red mud) is se...

Viscose fiber is a base material for textile industry. The first production of this kind product is in Indian than spread over the Europe and United States also in South Asia Country like in Indonesia. Viscose fiber is produced to anticipate the shortage of natural yarn for raw material to produce yarn in textile industries, beside synthetic yarn as replace natural cotton to produce fabric. This one is a simple drawing of viscose fiber production process . Viscose fiber is used to substitute the using of cotton as raw material for textile industry. Beside of cotton availability will not enough to supply market demand in the future, also cotton just available on harvesting season. If people just depend on cotton to produce textile then people will shortage of raw material to produce textile. Using viscose fiber to fulfill of textile industry will not any shortage raw material, beside the price is lower than cotton, viscose fiber also have better quality compare with synthetic fiber fo...

Soap comprises the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, but chiefly or oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids. For generations its use has increased until its manufacture has become an industry essential t the comfort and health of civilized human beings. Raw Materials Tallow is the principal fatty material in soap making; the quantities used represent about three-fourths of the total oils and fats consumed by the soap industry. It contains the mixed glycerides obtained from the solid fat of cattle by stream rendering. This solid fat is digested with steam, the tallow forms a layer above the water, so that it can easily be removed. Tallow is usually mixed with coconut oil in the soap kettle or hydrolyser in order to increase the solubility of the soap. Greases (about 20 percent) are the second most important raw material in soap making. They are obtained from hogs and smaller domestic animals and are an important source of glycerides of fatty acids. They...

Sulfur dioxide is one of the gaseous products of the combustion of coal and of other industrial operations, sulfur dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere of industrial centers in large quantities. This gasses are predicted exclusive of the discharge of internal combustion engines, the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere of New York City during 1934 averaged close to 2000 tons per day. Recent studies by the Air Hygiene Foundation, the National Research Council of Canada, the United States Department of Agriculture, the Boyee Thompson Institutions of sulfur dioxide prevail over large areas surrounding industrial centers. The effect of sulfur dioxide on vegetation and on animal and human health are, therefore, of importance to agriculture, to industry and to the general population. The injurious effects of sulfur dioxide on plants have been the source of investigation, extended litigation, and discussions over a period dating back to the work of Stockhardt in 184...

Wine has been made for several thousand years by fermentation of the juice of the grapes. Like other fermentations, many primitive procedures have been supplanted by improved science and engineering to reduce costs and to make more uniform products. But now, as always, the quality of the product is largely related to grape, soil and sun, resulting in a variation in flavor, bouquet, and aroma. The color depends largely upon the nature of the grapes and whether the skins are pressed out before fermentation. Wines are classified as natural (alcohol 7 to 14%), fortified (alcohol 14 to 30%), sweet or dry, still or sparkling. Fortified wines have alcohol or brandy added. In the sweet wines some of the sugar remains unfermented. For the manufacture of dry red wine, red or black grapes are necessary. The grapes are run through a crusher, which macerates them but do not crush the seeds, and also removes part of the stems. The resulting pulp, or must, is pumped into 11,000 to 38,000 L tanks, ...

There are three classical divisions of the general subject of oils, fats, and waxes will be retained: vegetable oils, animal oils and fats, and waxes. Under each of these headings the general methods of manufacture will discribe for the most important of the illustrative individual members. The list below are indicates the yields of vegetable oils from some of the usual sources. The two general methods employed in obtaining vegetable fats and oils are expression in use. Solvent extraction has assumed importance in virtually all vegetable oil recovery plants, alone or in combination with pre-pressing. For high oil content seeds, such as cottonseed and safflower seed, usually both expression and extraction are utilized in the recovery systems for higher yields. Obtaining crude vegetable and animal oils involves primarily physical changes or unit operations, but chemical conversion are concerned in the refining and further processing of such oils. Approximates Oil Yields of Certain V...

Pigments are colored, this substance have vary there are organic and inorganic substances. Organic and inorganic insoluble substances used widely in surface coatings, but they are also employed in the ink, plastic, rubber, ceramic, paper, and linoleum industries to impart color. A large number of pigments are dyes are consumed because different products require a particular choice of material to give maximum coverage, economy, opacity, color, durability, and desired refluctance. White lead, zinc oxide. and lithophone were once the principle of white pigments, colored pigments consisted of prusian blue, lead chromates, various iron oxides, and a few lake colors. Today titanium oxide in many varieties is almost the only white pigment used. Lead pigments, formely of major important, are now prohibited by law for many uses. The kind example of many colored pigments are as follows: White hiding pigments: Titanium dioxide Zinc oxide Lithophone Zinc Sulfide Antimony oxide Black...