Chemical Process

Phosphorus is a nonmetallic chemical element that is a member of Group VA in the periodic table. The chemical symbol for phosphorus is P , its atomic number is 15, and its atomic weight is 30.975. Phosphorus was first prepared by German alchemist Hennig Brandt in 1669, in the course of his search for the philosopher's stone he obtained from a residue of evaporated urine a white solid that glowed in the dark and ignited spontaneously in air. The name phosporus (from the Greek for "light bringing"), which at that time was used for any substance that glows of itself, was eventually appropriated to this element. Phosphorus does not occur in elemental form in nature; it is found most commonly in apatite minerals such as fluorapatite. There are white phosphorus, black phosphorus and red phosphorus. Red phosphorus is considered as mixture of black phosphorus and white phosphorus. See the picture of each kind of phosphorus: White phosphorus Red phosphorus Black P...

Arsenic is a metallic chemical element in Group VA of the periodic table. Its symbol is As, its atomic number is 33, and its atomic weight is 74.9216. The Earth's crust contains only about 5.5 parts arsenic per million, but it occurs in many minerals. Arsenic exist in three allotropic modifications, the yellow (alpha) and the black (betha) and metallic, or gray (gamma). Normally arsenic is found in its metallic form, which is the most stable and its normal pressure does not melt but sublimes at about 615 o C. It forms alloy with other metalls. The alpha and betha modifications have no metallic properties. Arsenic is fairly reactive. Above 400 o C it burns with a bluish flame, forming arsenic trioxide, As2O3. This compound is know as white arsenic and is used as a rat poison. The toxic quality of arsenic has been known since ancient times. In the human body it accumulates in the nails and the hair, where it can be detected, even in the bodies of persons long dead, by the atomic...

For field engineer that usually measure a pH of the liquid on the environment that they are founded, they usually use portable pH meter in order can easily to check the pH condition of the liquid flow. The Model Personal pH/ORP Meter is a highly accurate, portable pH meter for laboratory and field application. With its self-diagnostic function, the PH meter provides precise measurement of pH and ORP (oxidation-reduction potential). Measurement results can be stored and stored data can be checked on the meter display any time. The PHmeter is of waterproof construction so that it can safely be used outdoors on a rainy day, and can also withstand being accidentally dropped into water. Some Feature should be own by pH meter equipment: Water resistant case Simple calibration Automatic calibration based on preprogrammed data of standard solutions or manual calibration can be done through simple key operations. Calendar and clock function Internal clock functions allow “one-touch ...

Numerical characteristic of hydrogen are summarized on the below table. The values on the latter table are for the ordinary isotropic mizture of hydrogen containing about one part of deuterium in 5000 and the ordinary ortho para mixture. Numerical Constant of Hydrogen Property Numerical Value Critical Temperature, o K 32 Critical pressure, atm 20 Density of gas, gram/liter at 0 o C, 1 atm 0 Density of liquid, gram/ml 0.071 Solubility in H 2 O, ml/100 grams as 25 o C 1.5 Chemically, hydrogen combines with most, of the non metallic elements and with many of the metals to produce compounds called hydrides. Hydrogen serves as a reducing agent toward many metal oxides oxides and toward double and triple bounds involving carbon. Characteristic reactions of hydrogen, in general reaction are indicative of the tendency of hydrogen to bonds with highly electropositive elements are completely ionic those with higly electromagnetive posses appreciable partial ionic character.

The important  bond chemicals linkage  which hold together the components of crystalline solids and their general characteristics may be summarized as follows: 1. Ionic Linkages or ionic bond In which the crystals are made up of regular geometrical arrangements of positive and negative ions. Such solids tend to possess high melting and boiling points, are hard and difficult to deform, and tend to be soluble in polar solvents. When dissolved in such solvents as fused, they are excellent conductors. Crystals characterized by such linkages are called ionic crystals. The salts are examples. 2. Covalent Linkages In which the crystals are made up of molecules produced by the sharing of electrons, usually to pairs, between atoms of the elements involved. Such solids posses properties essentially opposite from those outlined for ionic crystals, although the partial ionic characters of many covalent bonds effect corresponding modifications. The following types of covalent crystal...

The formula or Pentacrythritol is C(CH 2 OH) 4 , with molecular weight 136.14. Pentacrythritol is a white or light yellow with a little sweetness and soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in benzene, ethyl ether and other mineral ether. Pentacrythritol have boiling point 276 o C and melted in 262  o C, have density of 1.35 g/cm3 and have refractive index 1.54 – 1.56. Pentacrythritol is mainly used in the production of alkyd resin and as material of paint industry, besides as explosive material, floor paint and air lubricant oil. To handling this material should be placed in a dry clean and ventilated place, should avoid heating, damp and direct contacting to sunshine. How to produce this material still being patented by Harry Jackson, William M. Kraft et al, and other scientist. Some journal just describe the main reaction of the manufacturing of this substances. The invention relates to a process for resolving into its component materials the waste liquor resultant from the ...

Iodine has atomic number 53 with a symbol I, is a solid nonmetallic element of the Halogen family. Group VIIA in the periodic table, a group that includes Flourine, Chlorine, and Bromine. At room temperature iodine is a lustrous, blue black, crystalline solid of atomic weight 126.9045. Iodine is the least water soluble halogen, but it dissolves readily in alcohol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Iodine is poisonous, but as a trace element it is essential to plant and animal growth. In higher mammals it is concentrated in the Thyroid gland and is involved in the synthesis of thyroxine and other biochemicals that grown metabolic activities. Besides affecting growth, iodine deficiency can also cause goiter, so iodine salts are added to table salts in regions where iodine levels are low. History Iodine was first observed in 1811 by a French saltpeter manufacture, Bernard Desormes and Nicholas Clement confirmed its nature and announced the discovery of the new element, ...