Chemical Process

The only major black pigments are the carbon blacks. These come in various shades and their manufacture is discussed specially under industrial carbon. Lampback, which has a larger particle size, is used for tinting to produce shades of gray. The carbon blacks are very opaque and have excellent durability, resistance to all type of chemical and light fastness. They should not be used in direct contact with iron and steel in primer coating because they stimulate metal corrosion. There are many kind of industrial carbon available: Lampblack Carbon black Activated Carbon Natural Graphite Industrial Diamond For pigment purposes, industry usually use lampblack as the base raw material. To dilute lampblack use organic dilution because lampblack can’t dilute in water.

The oldest and formerly most important of the white pigments is white lead, which is so longer permitted as a consistent of most points. Zinc oxide, another white pigment formerly widely used, is now of only minor importance. The kind of white pigments such as follows: Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Lithophone Zinc sulphide Antimony oxide Lithophone Lithophone is a mixed zinc sulphide, barium sulphate pigment that contains about 30% zinc sulphide. The original light sensitiveness has been overcome by raw material purification and by addition of such agents as polythionates and cobalt sulphate. Lithophone is a brilliantly white, extremely fine, cheap, white pigment. It is particularly well adapted to interior coating. The manufacture of this substance, barium, zinc and lithopone circuits are represented by different types of lines. The barium sulphide solution is prepared by reducing barite are (BaSO 4 ) with carbon and leaching the resulting mass. The equation is: BaSO 4

Sulfur dioxide can be produced directly or from side reaction of other main reaction like on Carbon disulphide production can also as a result from much material combustion. Sulfur dioxide have chemical formula SO2. Sulfur dioxide also as intermediate substance on the sulfuric acid production that uses contact process. Sulfur in the piling sometimes can be burnt because of some sulphur convert into sulphur dioxide by using of piling heat, and on the reaction they will release heat. The heat release more high and can make other sulfur dioxide reaction form and so on. Sulfur dioxide may be produced by the burning of sulfur or by roasting of metal sulfide in special equipment. It may also obtained by recovery from waste gases of other reactions. It production and the subsequent compression and cooling to from liquid sulfur dioxide, which boils at -10oC. With very careful control of the amount of air entering the combustion chamber, sulfur dioxide can be produced up to 18% by volume a

The manufacture of perfume, cologne, and toilet water, collectively known as the fragrances, has undergone drastic changes in the past quarter century, prior to which perfumers were usually trained through apprenticeships in laboratories until working with traditional materials in well defined patterns, they achieved skill in mixing and blending. Only occasionally was a new and original odor developed, such as old spice, which is immediately won spontaneous and favourable response from consumers. Not many people realize how complex the creation of acceptable fragrance has become, it require professional knowledge, skill and experience, couple with specialization in synthetic chemistries technical problem, followed by consumer panel testing. This change has resulted from a number of factors; for example: Increase in the number of material ingredients, both natural and synthetic A variety of new type of product requiring fragrances Innovation in packaging especially aerosol sprays, v

Rubber has become a material of tremendous economic and strategic importance. In the United States, the per capita consumption of rubber is approximately 16.5 kg; in India it is scarcely 0.22 kg. Transportation, the chemical, electrical, and electronic industries and the space effort are all major consumers of rubber. When supplies of natural rubber were shut off because of Japan’s invasion of rubber producing areas early in World War II, the United States built up a synthetic rubber industry consumed in the United States is of synthetic origin. The rubber industry involves the production of monomers or raw materials for synthetic rubbers, the various rubbers themselves, the importation of natural rubber, the production of rubber chemicals and finally the fabrication of rubber products.   Historical. Columbus found the natives of the West Indies playing games with rubber falls. Rubber article have been recovered from the sacred well of the Maya in Yucatan. Rubber, as we know it, i

The first production of calcium carbide was an accident. In 1892 T.L. Willson was attempting to prepare metallic calcium from lime and tar in an electric furnace as Spray N.C. The product obtained obviously not calcium, was thrown into a nearby stream, and Willson was amazed to note that it liberated great quantities of combustion gas. The first factory for the production of calcium carbide was built at Nigeria Falls in 1896. Uses And Economics Calcium carbide is utilized for the manufacture of Cyanamid by combining it with nitrogen, and for the preparation of acetylene of by reacting with water. Cyanamid is made by heating calcium carbide in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Calcium carbide was used formerly in large quantities for the manufacture of acetylene, but hydrocarbon based acetylene is some much more common. US production of calcium carbide has fallen from 1 x 106 t in 1940s to 242,000 t in 1979. Manufacture: Calcium carbide is prepared from quicklime and carbon at 2000 t

Large quantities of alumina are produced yearly for the manufacture of metallic aluminum . In 1980, 90 percent of the raw material, bauxite, was obtained from foreign sources. Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Surinam, Guyana, Guinea, and Australia are the countries from which the United States imports this bauxite. Total consumption was 15.6 x 106 t, about 96 percent of this going to alumina production; smaller uses include abrasives chemical manufacture, refractories and ceramic fibers. The production of alumina may be divided into the following steps: Bauxite, a mineral containing about 55% aluminum oxide and less than 7% silica, is crushed wet ground to 100 meshes. The finely divided bauxite is dissolved under pressure and heat in Bayer digesters with concentrated spent caustic soda solution from a previous and sufficient lime and soda ash. Sodium aluminates is formed, and dissolved silica is precipitated as sodium aluminum silica. The undisolved residue (red mud) is se