Chemical Process

Quartz , which is the most abundant silica mineral and which occurs in most igneous and practically all metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, is nearly pure silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). It was also been found in some lunar rocks and meteorites. The name of quartz is believed originated in the early 1500s from the Saxon word querklufterz (cross vein ore), which was corrupted to queretz and then to quartz. Quartz was well known to the ancient, who called it crystal or rock crystal. Quartz is colorless and transparent when pure. Its hardness is 7 on the Mohs scale, and its specific gravity is 2.651. Quartz has no cleavage and fails by brittle fracture, the fracture surfaces have vitreous luster. Quartz is diamagnetic but does not conduct electricity. Piezoelectricity makes quartz valuable in pressure gauges, electronic frequency control devices, and radio equipment. Crystallography Quartz occurs in a wide range of crystal sizes, from single crystal weighing many tons to cryptocrytalline va

The form radiation refer both to the transmission of energy in the form of wave, and to the transmission of streams of atomic particles through space. Any energy that transmitted in the form of waves is some kind of electromagnetic radiation. Each kind is distinguished by its wavelength, or frequency. All kind of electromagnetic radiation obey the same physical laws, they all travel at the speed of light, and when they fall on a surface they exert a pressure proportional to the net flux of energy divided by the speed of light. Roughly in the order of decreasing are radio waves, radiant heat energy and microwaves, infrared radiation, light, ultraviolet radiation, X ray, and games rays. Many form of particulate radiation are possible, in the phenomenon of radioactivity, alpha radiation (helium nuclei) and beta radiation (electrons) are observed, along with gamma rays. Very energetic particles from outer space are called cosmic rays. Any particulate or electromagnetic radiation that ca

Formalin has other name alias formaldehyde, have chemical formula of HCHO. Formaldehyde is the simplest member of the class of organic compounds known as Aldehyde. At room temperature formaldehyde is an extremely reactive colorless gas with a suffocating odor. It is commonly solid as an aqueous solution called as formalin or in solid polymeric forms called as paraformaldehyde and trioxane. Formaldehyde often used as preservative agent, people often use on food that actually have poison properties and carcinogenic. Formalin is used in manufacture of dyes, in the production of synthetic resins, and as a preservative agent for biological specimens. In India formalin many use to sterilize media on cultivation mushroom. Before they spread the spawn into the media they sterilize the cultivation media using small amount of formalin that is diluted into the water. Media then dipped on this solution and then let it dry before spread the spawn. In Indonesia to buy formalin from shop is diffic

Nitroglycerin is a pale yellow oil, highly unstable and toxic, first made in 1846 by the Italian chemist Ascario Sobrero. Alfred Nobel's is the first scientist who attempt in 1863 to use as explosive power were unsuccessful because the extremely unstable nature of substance preclude its safe transport, storage, and employment. In 1864 then Nobel produced solid preparations by mixing nitroglycerin with porous substances such as kieselguhr, thus allowing the explosive to be employed as safe, stable, blasting agent, namely dynamite. In medicine, nitroglycerin is used as a vasodilator to reduce arterial tension, especially for the treatment of heart diseases such as angina pectoral. The basic pharmacological action of nitroglycerin is the nonspecific relaxation of all smooth muscle. A throbbing headache, experienced by dynamite factory worker, is the most characteristic symptom of nitroglycerin toxicity. After sometime, immunity to the poison develops; immunity is rapidity lost, how

Sodium sulfide is an organic chemical that has attained an important position in the organic industry. It is consumed as a reducing agent in the manufacture of amino compounds, and it enters into the preparation of many dyes. It is also employed extensively in the leather industry as a depilatory. Sodium polysulfide is one of the important are the rayon, metallurgical, photographic, and engraving fields. This product usually is a side product of other industry. This chemical may be obtained as 30% crystals of sodium sulphide or as 62% flakes. Solutions of it may be shipped in steel. One disadvantageous property of sodium sulphide is its deliquence. It crystallizes wit nine molecules of water, Na 2 S.9H 2 O. The oldest method of production is the reduction of sodium sulphate with powdered coal in a reverberatory furnace. Another similar process is the reduction of barite in the same manner, leaching and double decomposition with soda ash. For the reaction involving the reduction of s

An explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter, called black powder , was known to the Chinese centuries ago, its use in propelling missile was demonstrated shortly after 1300. the discoveries of nitro-glycerine and nitrocellulose shortly before 1850 and the invention of dynamites and the mercury fulminate blasting cap soon after, were epochal events of the high explosives era. Smokeless powder was first made in 1867. The demand for more powerful and uniform propellants for the space program offered a recent, new challenge. In times of war, increased quantities are required; for example, roughly 3 x 103 kg was manufactured in the United States between January 1840 and V-J day. Industrial and commercial use is very substantial 1.6 x 109 kg/year in 1982. Although a great many compounds and mixtures are explosive, comparatively, few of them are suitable for explosive use because of the critical restrictions on ability, safety, and price. Most explosive compounds are too expensive

Sodium Hydrosulphide Sodium Hydrosulphide (NaHS) finds use in ore flotation (30 percent), dyestuff processing (20 percent), as a leather depilatory (20 percent), the manufacture or rayon and organic chemicals (10 percent) and in the metallurgical industry. These were five merchant producers who operated six plants in 1981. Total demand was about 18,000 t/year. Wow very big amount. Sodium Thiosulfate Sodium Thiosulfate crystallizes in large, transparent, extremely soluble prisms with five molecules of water. It is a mild reducing agent, like sodium sulfite. It is employed as an antichlor following the bleaching of cellulose products and as a source of sulphur dioxide in the bleaching of wool, oil, and ivory. In photography, which accounts for 90 percent of current use, it is used to dissolve unaltered silver halogen compounds from negatives and prints, where it is commonly called “hypo”. It is a preservative against fermentation in dyeing and serves in the preparation of mordants.