Chemical Process

Sulfur dioxide can be produced directly or from side reaction of other main reaction like on Carbon disulphide production can also as a result from much material combustion. Sulfur dioxide have chemical formula SO2. Sulfur dioxide also as intermediate substance on the sulfuric acid production that uses contact process. Sulfur in the piling sometimes can be burnt because of some sulphur convert into sulphur dioxide by using of piling heat, and on the reaction they will release heat. The heat release more high and can make other sulfur dioxide reaction form and so on. Sulfur dioxide may be produced by the burning of sulfur or by roasting of metal sulfide in special equipment. It may also obtained by recovery from waste gases of other reactions. It production and the subsequent compression and cooling to from liquid sulfur dioxide, which boils at -10oC. With very careful control of the amount of air entering the combustion chamber, sulfur dioxide can be produced up to 18% by volume a

The manufacture of perfume, cologne, and toilet water, collectively known as the fragrances, has undergone drastic changes in the past quarter century, prior to which perfumers were usually trained through apprenticeships in laboratories until working with traditional materials in well defined patterns, they achieved skill in mixing and blending. Only occasionally was a new and original odor developed, such as old spice, which is immediately won spontaneous and favourable response from consumers. Not many people realize how complex the creation of acceptable fragrance has become, it require professional knowledge, skill and experience, couple with specialization in synthetic chemistries technical problem, followed by consumer panel testing. This change has resulted from a number of factors; for example: Increase in the number of material ingredients, both natural and synthetic A variety of new type of product requiring fragrances Innovation in packaging especially aerosol sprays, v

Rubber has become a material of tremendous economic and strategic importance. In the United States, the per capita consumption of rubber is approximately 16.5 kg; in India it is scarcely 0.22 kg. Transportation, the chemical, electrical, and electronic industries and the space effort are all major consumers of rubber. When supplies of natural rubber were shut off because of Japan’s invasion of rubber producing areas early in World War II, the United States built up a synthetic rubber industry consumed in the United States is of synthetic origin. The rubber industry involves the production of monomers or raw materials for synthetic rubbers, the various rubbers themselves, the importation of natural rubber, the production of rubber chemicals and finally the fabrication of rubber products.   Historical. Columbus found the natives of the West Indies playing games with rubber falls. Rubber article have been recovered from the sacred well of the Maya in Yucatan. Rubber, as we know it, i

The first production of calcium carbide was an accident. In 1892 T.L. Willson was attempting to prepare metallic calcium from lime and tar in an electric furnace as Spray N.C. The product obtained obviously not calcium, was thrown into a nearby stream, and Willson was amazed to note that it liberated great quantities of combustion gas. The first factory for the production of calcium carbide was built at Nigeria Falls in 1896. Uses And Economics Calcium carbide is utilized for the manufacture of Cyanamid by combining it with nitrogen, and for the preparation of acetylene of by reacting with water. Cyanamid is made by heating calcium carbide in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Calcium carbide was used formerly in large quantities for the manufacture of acetylene, but hydrocarbon based acetylene is some much more common. US production of calcium carbide has fallen from 1 x 106 t in 1940s to 242,000 t in 1979. Manufacture: Calcium carbide is prepared from quicklime and carbon at 2000 t

Large quantities of alumina are produced yearly for the manufacture of metallic aluminum . In 1980, 90 percent of the raw material, bauxite, was obtained from foreign sources. Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Surinam, Guyana, Guinea, and Australia are the countries from which the United States imports this bauxite. Total consumption was 15.6 x 106 t, about 96 percent of this going to alumina production; smaller uses include abrasives chemical manufacture, refractories and ceramic fibers. The production of alumina may be divided into the following steps: Bauxite, a mineral containing about 55% aluminum oxide and less than 7% silica, is crushed wet ground to 100 meshes. The finely divided bauxite is dissolved under pressure and heat in Bayer digesters with concentrated spent caustic soda solution from a previous and sufficient lime and soda ash. Sodium aluminates is formed, and dissolved silica is precipitated as sodium aluminum silica. The undisolved residue (red mud) is se

Viscose fiber is a base material for textile industry. The first production of this kind product is in Indian than spread over the Europe and United States also in South Asia Country like in Indonesia. Viscose fiber is produced to anticipate the shortage of natural yarn for raw material to produce yarn in textile industries, beside synthetic yarn as replace natural cotton to produce fabric. This one is a simple drawing of viscose fiber production process . Viscose fiber is used to substitute the using of cotton as raw material for textile industry. Beside of cotton availability will not enough to supply market demand in the future, also cotton just available on harvesting season. If people just depend on cotton to produce textile then people will shortage of raw material to produce textile. Using viscose fiber to fulfill of textile industry will not any shortage raw material, beside the price is lower than cotton, viscose fiber also have better quality compare with synthetic fiber fo

Soap comprises the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, but chiefly or oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids. For generations its use has increased until its manufacture has become an industry essential t the comfort and health of civilized human beings. Raw Materials Tallow is the principal fatty material in soap making; the quantities used represent about three-fourths of the total oils and fats consumed by the soap industry. It contains the mixed glycerides obtained from the solid fat of cattle by stream rendering. This solid fat is digested with steam, the tallow forms a layer above the water, so that it can easily be removed. Tallow is usually mixed with coconut oil in the soap kettle or hydrolyser in order to increase the solubility of the soap. Greases (about 20 percent) are the second most important raw material in soap making. They are obtained from hogs and smaller domestic animals and are an important source of glycerides of fatty acids. They

Sulfur dioxide is one of the gaseous products of the combustion of coal and of other industrial operations, sulfur dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere of industrial centers in large quantities. This gasses are predicted exclusive of the discharge of internal combustion engines, the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere of New York City during 1934 averaged close to 2000 tons per day. Recent studies by the Air Hygiene Foundation, the National Research Council of Canada, the United States Department of Agriculture, the Boyee Thompson Institutions of sulfur dioxide prevail over large areas surrounding industrial centers. The effect of sulfur dioxide on vegetation and on animal and human health are, therefore, of importance to agriculture, to industry and to the general population. The injurious effects of sulfur dioxide on plants have been the source of investigation, extended litigation, and discussions over a period dating back to the work of Stockhardt in 184

Wine has been made for several thousand years by fermentation of the juice of the grapes. Like other fermentations, many primitive procedures have been supplanted by improved science and engineering to reduce costs and to make more uniform products. But now, as always, the quality of the product is largely related to grape, soil and sun, resulting in a variation in flavor, bouquet, and aroma. The color depends largely upon the nature of the grapes and whether the skins are pressed out before fermentation. Wines are classified as natural (alcohol 7 to 14%), fortified (alcohol 14 to 30%), sweet or dry, still or sparkling. Fortified wines have alcohol or brandy added. In the sweet wines some of the sugar remains unfermented. For the manufacture of dry red wine, red or black grapes are necessary. The grapes are run through a crusher, which macerates them but do not crush the seeds, and also removes part of the stems. The resulting pulp, or must, is pumped into 11,000 to 38,000 L tanks,

There are three classical divisions of the general subject of oils, fats, and waxes will be retained: vegetable oils, animal oils and fats, and waxes. Under each of these headings the general methods of manufacture will discribe for the most important of the illustrative individual members. The list below are indicates the yields of vegetable oils from some of the usual sources. The two general methods employed in obtaining vegetable fats and oils are expression in use. Solvent extraction has assumed importance in virtually all vegetable oil recovery plants, alone or in combination with pre-pressing. For high oil content seeds, such as cottonseed and safflower seed, usually both expression and extraction are utilized in the recovery systems for higher yields. Obtaining crude vegetable and animal oils involves primarily physical changes or unit operations, but chemical conversion are concerned in the refining and further processing of such oils. Approximates Oil Yields of Certain V

Pigments are colored, this substance have vary there are organic and inorganic substances. Organic and inorganic insoluble substances used widely in surface coatings, but they are also employed in the ink, plastic, rubber, ceramic, paper, and linoleum industries to impart color. A large number of pigments are dyes are consumed because different products require a particular choice of material to give maximum coverage, economy, opacity, color, durability, and desired refluctance. White lead, zinc oxide. and lithophone were once the principle of white pigments, colored pigments consisted of prusian blue, lead chromates, various iron oxides, and a few lake colors. Today titanium oxide in many varieties is almost the only white pigment used. Lead pigments, formely of major important, are now prohibited by law for many uses. The kind example of many colored pigments are as follows: White hiding pigments: Titanium dioxide Zinc oxide Lithophone Zinc Sulfide Antimony oxide Black

Oxidation and reduction are complementary chemical processes that involve a loss of electrons (oxidation) by one reactant and a corresponding gain (reduction) by another. Both processes must occur simultaneously and in equivalent amounts. The most familiar oxidative processes utilize oxygen from the atmosphere; these include the rusting of iron, combustion, and respiration in each case oxygen is reduced. Reductive processes include the recovery of metals from their ores, the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates, and the hydrogenation of fats. Oxidizing Agents The substance that acquires electrons during an oxidation-reduction reaction is an oxidizing agent. In the course of the reaction, the oxidizing agent react and become weak reducing agent. Of the chemical elements, the most electronegative elements have the greatest tendency to participate in reactions as oxidizing agents, because they form negative ions very readily. Fluorine, with with the most highly electronegative a

Histamine is created from biological response on our body of local immune responses or in order to regulate physiological function in the gut and then can act as neurotransmitter. Histamine also created in our body response to foreign pathogens. Histamine also produce by animals in response of other disturbance or to protect them from other animals attack. In the body system, histamine is produced by basophiles and by mass cells that is found nearby connective tissue. Histamine substance created by our body in order to protect from other strange protein because by created histamine then white blood will have cell will increase the permeability of the capillaries. Histamine have colorless and hygroscopic crystals, as physical properties histamine will melt at 84oC, histamine include as polar chemicals so histamine easily dissolved in water or ethanol or alcohol but not in non polar chemicals like oil and fat. In the solution with water histamine will form as Nπ-histamine and Nτ-hi

Glycerin is a clear include as organic chemicals, nearly colorless liquid having a sweet taste but no odor. Scheele first prepared glycerin in 1779 by heating a mixture of olive oil and litharge. On washing with water, a sweat solution was obtained, giving, on evaporation of the water, a viscose heavy liquid, which the discover called “the sweet principle of facts.” In 1846 Sobrero produced the explosive nitroglycerin for the first time, and in 1868 Nobel, by absorbing it in keselghr, made it safe to handle as dynamite. These discoveries increased the demand for glycerin. This was in part satisfied by the development in 1870 of a method for recovering glycerin and salt from spent soap lyes. Since about 1948, glycerol has been produced from petrochemical raw materials by synthetic processes. Uses and Economics The production of crude glycerin is approximately 150 kt/year. Synthetic glycerin furnishes about 40 percent of the market. Glycerin is supplied in several grades, including U

On the opening area Carbon Disulfide (CS 2 ) is on the gas form, because CS 2 have boiling point at about 46 o C at atmospheric condition and CS 2 is a flammable. On the plant that use CS 2 as raw chemicals material and then release CS 2 gas should have waste gas treatment to catch this release gas before the flue gas been through away to the environment. There are several type of CS 2 catch process that is used on waste gas treatment plant, and some of them use CS 2 adsorption plant. CS2 adsorption plant recovers CS 2 from the lean gas using vapor phase adsorption onto activated carbon. The CS 2 laden lean gas stream is passing through the activated carbon (AC) bed in the adsorber where CS 2 gas molecules are adsorbed onto the large surface of AC. The adsorption ceases at the equilibrium point at which the AC can not take up any more of CS 2 . CS 2 recovery starts by desorption of CS 2 gas molecules from the AC and followed by the condensation of CS 2 . Thermal energy

The chemical element calcium is a malleable, light, silver while metal, an Alkaline Earth Metal of Group IIA in the periodic table. Its symbol is Ca, its atomic number is 20, and its atomic weight is 40.08. Calcium was first prepared by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. following the method of J.J. Berzellus and M.M. Pontin. Davy electrolyzed a mixture of lime, CaO, and mercury to produce an amalgam (a mercury, he obtained a calcite, a form of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Occurrence In cosmic abundance calcium is 13 th among the elements; on Earth it ranks 5 th and forms 3.2 % of the Earth’s crust, being less prevalent than aluminum (7.3%) or Iron (4.1%). It is not found free in nature but is common as the carbonate rock limestone, CaCO 3. It is also well distributed as the minerals calcium phosphate, silicate, fluoride, and sulfate. As calcium-magnesium carbonate it is one of the principal components of dolomite minerals and is found in pearls, coral, natural chalk, calcite, onyx

Sulfuric acid has the formula of H 2 SO 4 . Sulfuric acid is the most important sulfur compound and one of the largest volume industrial chemicals. To produce it by the method known as contact process or solvay process, sulfur is first burned in air to yield sulfur dioxide SO 2 . The subsequent oxidation of SO 2 , is slow reaction, therefore a catalytic surface made of platinum or vanadium pentoxide is required. Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid, because the oxide reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid; because the direct reaction of SO 2 and water produces a mist of H 2 SO 4 that is difficult to condense, the final stage of production takes place in two steps, SO 2 is first dissolved in H 2 SO 4 to produce pyrosulfuric acid; H 2 SO 4 , then sulfuric acid is produced by subsequent dilution of H 2 S 2 O 2 with water: SO 2 + H 2 SO 4 → H 2 S2O 2 H 2 S 2 O 2 + H 2 O → 2 H 2 SO 4 Pure sulfuric acid , a colorless oily liquid, is an extremely powerful

Poison is a chemical that produce a harmful effect on a living organism. Almost any substance has the potential of being poisonous in humans if a substantial amount gains entry into the body or if the substance enter the body by the way of the wrong route. As a result, a variety of poisons exist in solid, liquid, gaseous or vaporous form. Naturally occurring poison are used by poisonous plants and animals to prevent predation or to capture prey. Synthetic poisons range from certain types of pharmaceuticals (used other than as directed) or household cleaning products to waste product of industrial and nuclear energy plants and chemical deliberately used as weapons. Dosage, route of entry, and poetry (strength) determine if a substance is poisonous. For example, if water is accidentally inhaled into the lungs instead of being swallowed, it becomes an asphyxias poison. Whether a specific dose of a prescription drug way be safe effective for a 45-year-old man who weighs 82 kg (180 lb), the

Coal has the main composition of carbon , and carbon in a nature make a chemical reaction to build their substances. These substances are varying and have their own name depend on the composition on their chain. Carbon in their chemical chain usually called as carbonates that have many name of these substances . The mineral that usually available on coal are as follows: Silicates: Clay minerals: Kaolinite Al 2 Si 2 O 3 (OH) 4 Illite Montmorillonite Chlorite Mixed layer clays Others: Quartz SiO 2 Chalcedony SiO 2 Feldspar KAlSi 3 O 4 Tourmaline NaMg 3 Al 6 B 3 Si 6 O 27 (OH) 4 Sulphides: Pyrite FeS 2 Marcasite FeS 2 Sphalerite ZnS Galena PbS Carbonates: Calcite CaCO 3 Dolomite (CaMg)CO 3 Siderite FeCO 3 Aroganite CaCO 3 Ankerite (FeMgCa)CO 3 Dawsonite NaAlCO 3 (OH) 2 Strontianite SrCO 3 Sulphates: Gypsum CaSO 4 .2H 2 O Barite BaSO 4 Anhydrite CaSO 4 Coquimbite Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .9H 2 O Szomolnokite NaFe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 Other mine

CO or Carbon Monoxide is a poisonous gas, CO gas is formed from imperfect combustion of carbon substance that is come from many source, such as coal, petrol fuel and many others . Poisonous gas is consisting of elements that threat to our live. The poisonous gas can enter to our body through of many ways, through breath of nose, permeated to the skin, and from injection. Poisonous gases usually colorless and no smell but threat to our environment seriously. The common gases that destroy our environment are CO and H2S . The poisonous gas exposed to our environment in two model; chronic and acute. Chronic Expose: Expose for long time Affected to hemoglobin Feel getting flu such as headache Cause weakened to our health resilience Carbon monoxide is one of this reasons Carbon Monoxide Data: Colorless, smelliness, flammable LEL 12.5% Very poison; can absorb oxygen 200 – 300 time faster than oxygen in the hemoglobin Exposures: PEL/TWA 25 ppm C 20